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ModuleAnimal Breeding and Genetics
Module content
Cell cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis; Chromosomes. (1 lecture) Eucariotic chromosomes contain DNA, protein and RNA. DNA is organized in Genes. Different species have different number of chromosomes. Cell cycle: Mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produce two cells genetically identical to the parental cell. Meiosis produce haploid cells with unique gene combination; homologues chromosomes are distributed into different daughter cells. Structure of eukaryotic chromosome.
Pattern of inheritance (2 lectures)The basic principles of heredity : Mendelian principles: I. Principle of Segregation the genes of a pair separate equally into gametes. Mendelian principles: II. Principle of Indipendent Assortment: alleles of different loci are independently distributed into gametes. Variation to Mendel’s laws: Dominance is not always complete: Incomplete dominance, co dominance. Pleyotropy. Lethal genes. Penetrance and expressivity. Gene interaction: complementary gene action, dominant epistasis, recessive epistasis, dominant suppression. Multiple alleles, allelic series.. Sex determination and sex linkage. Y chromosome determines male sex in most species of mammals. X – linked genes. Dosage compensation. Sex influenced genes: autosomal genes, whose expression is influenced by the sex of individual.
Genetic linkage (2 lectures)Linkage and distorted Mendelian ratios. Discovery of linkage. Recombination involves exchange of chromosomal material. Crossover frequencies. Estimating gene distances. Linkage estimation by three point crosses. Double crossover. Coincidence and interference. Linkage maps. Recombination frequencies for X linked genes. Mapping by the use of molecular marker.
Probability and statistical testing: (1 lecture)Laws of probability: The product rule. The sum rule. Chi square test. Degree of freedom Binomial expansion. Normal distribution
DNA: The carrier of Genetic information (1 lecture)Genes carry the information for making proteins. Gene are made of DNA. Evidence that DNA is the hereditary material. Structure of DNA, double helix. Complementarity between bases. DNA replication is semiconservative. Evidence of semiconservative replication. Molecular basis of semiconservative replication.
RNA and Protein Synthesis: The expression of genetic information (1 lecture)Central dogma of molecular biology. Properties of RNA. Transcription: Synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. Translation: Protein synthesis. Genetic code. Mutations are changes in DNA.
Gene regulation: the control of gene expression (1 lecture)Gene control in prokaryotes: lac system. Operons in prokaryotes. Gene control in lambda phage. Gene control in eucaryotes.
Genetic Engineering (2 lectures)Recombinant DNA methods. Restriction enzymes. DNA modifying enzymes. DNA ligase – joining DNA molecules. Cloning techniques. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Amplification of DNA, in vitro. Gel electrophoresis.
Population Genetics (2 lectures)Hardy Weinberg principle. Factors changing gene frequencies: mutation, migration, selection. Genetic variation is necessary for evolution.
Quantitative genetics (2 lectures)Description of quantitative traits. Genetic and Environmental effects. Statistics of quantitative traits. Variance components. Heritability. Estimating Offspring phenotype. Prediction of selection response. Selection differential, generation interval
Methods of identifying genetically superior individuals (1 lecture)Individual performance, Pedigree selection, Sib selection, progeny test. Multiple records. Practical comparisons
Techniques for multiple trait selection (1 lecture)Choice of traits, tandem election independent culling levels. Selection index, specialized lines
Mating system (1 lecture)Random mating, positive assortive mating, negative assortive mating, Inbreeding Out breeding
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